Ever wondered how New York's iconic skyscrapers came to be? Ready to explore the intriguing tales of Salvador Dalí's eccentric escapades and Le Corbusier's architectural dreams in Manhattan? Curious about the visionary architects who sculpted the city's skyline? Join us as we explore the captivating history of Manhattan's transformation, where the boundaries of imagination were pushed, and the skyline became a canvas of ambition.

Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan

In 1672, French engraver Jollain produced a bird’s-eye view of New Amsterdam that was entirely fictitious. His depiction presented an idealized European city transplanted to the New World, complete with a walled city, a port, and various civic buildings. This fantastical map inadvertently hinted at the future urban ambitions of Manhattan.

Manhattan's history is marked by ambitious projects and imaginative predictions. Henry Hudson discovered the island in 1609, and by 1623, Dutch settlers laid out a town plan that reflected their engineered homeland. Despite these plans, the actual development was less orderly, though the Dutch did carve a canal and built traditional Dutch houses to maintain an illusion of success.

In 1811, Simeon deWitt, Gouverneur Morris, and John Rutherford proposed the Manhattan Grid, a radical design of 12 avenues and 155 streets that ignored the island's topography. This grid was seen as a commercial tool but became a symbol of intellectual ambition over reality, enabling both order and freedom in the city's development.

By the 19th century, Manhattan's self-idolatry was evident. A model of the city was exhibited, showcasing every detail and reinforcing architecture as the new religion. Central Park, created in 1853, preserved nature while symbolizing the city's progress.

The 1853 New York World's Fair marked a new urban scale with structures like the Crystal Palace and the Latting Observatory, introducing the concept of skyscrapers. The technological advancements displayed, such as Elisha Otis's elevator, hinted at the city's future vertical growth.

Coney Island emerged as a testing ground for Manhattan’s future themes. Initially a resort for nature, it transformed into a hub of technological marvels and mass entertainment. Structures like the Loop-the-Loop and roller coasters symbolized the island's embrace of thrill and innovation.

George C. Tilyou’s Steeplechase Park, Frederic Thompson and Elmer Dundy’s Luna Park, and William H. Reynolds’ Dreamland each pushed the boundaries of amusement and urban planning. Luna Park, with its moon-themed architecture, and Dreamland, with its whitewashed buildings and underwater metaphor, exemplified the era's imaginative urbanism.

Coney Island's innovations extended beyond entertainment. The Incubator Building, for example, showcased advanced pediatric care, blending technology with human welfare.

However, Coney Island's fantastical urbanism faced opposition from reformists advocating for natural parks. Despite their efforts, the island's imaginative architecture left a lasting legacy.

In 1938, Robert Moses transformed Coney Island, turning it into a modern park, erasing much of its previous urbanism. Yet, the island's history of blending technology and imagination profoundly influenced Manhattan's development, shaping it into a metropolis defined by both order and creative chaos.

Did Coney Island's Imaginative Creations Help Shape Manhattan's Future?

In the early 20th century, Manhattan witnessed a groundbreaking architectural metamorphosis with the birth of the skyscraper. These towering structures were not just feats of engineering but symbols of ambition, progress, and utopian aspirations.

The skyscraper’s evolution began with the invention of the elevator in the 1870s, which transformed previously uninhabitable upper floors into prime real estate.

Interestingly, the wider public grasped the skyscraper's potential before architects did, as evidenced by a 1909 cartoon in the popular magazine Life. This depicted a towering structure with various activities on each floor, from a donkey on the 82nd to an airplane on the 81st, portraying a fragmented yet coexisting urban life.

Skyscrapers like the Flatiron Building (1902) and the Equitable Building (1915) exemplified sheer multiplication of floor space. The Flatiron, for instance, repeated its triangular site 22 times, while the Equitable Building, with its 39-story "City in Itself," highlighted the skyscraper's potential to house vast populations and activities.

The annexation of the tower brought further meaning. The Singer Building (1908) and the Metropolitan Life Building (1909) began as standard tall blocks but were transformed by adding towers, becoming iconic landmarks.

Block-alone structures like Madison Square Garden and Thompson's Hippodrome introduced the idea of self-contained enclaves with their own laws and ideologies. These blocks became miniature states, offering alternative realities, much like Coney Island's fantasy parks.

By 1913, the Woolworth Building emerged as the first true amalgamation of these concepts, with its 27-story base and 30-story tower, though it remained business-focused. It was dubbed the "Cathedral of Commerce," embodying both materialism and spirituality.

The skyscraper's unpredictability led to the 1916 Zoning Law, which imposed a three-dimensional envelope to ensure light and air reached the streets, shaping Manhattan into a Mega-Village of colossal phantom houses.

In essence, the Manhattan skyscraper was more than just architecture; it was a symbol of limitless potential and a harbinger of a new urbanism, where every block could be a self-contained utopia, each reaching for the stars.

Manhattan’s Skyward Dream: The Birth of Utopian Skyscrapers

In the early 20th century, Manhattan saw the rise of the Skyscraper theorists, visionaries who grappled with the city’s architectural future. One central figure was Hugh Ferriss, whose early fascination with the Parthenon led him to New York, a city he envisioned as a new Athens. 

However, his initial enthusiasm waned as he encountered Manhattan's eclectic and often superficial architectural practices. Instead of designing buildings, Ferriss became a renderer, using charcoal to create evocative images that both seduced and critiqued contemporary designs.

Ferriss’ work, characterized by its suggestive and impressionistic style, stripped buildings down to their honest cores, earning him a crucial role in shaping public perception. His drawings, such as the series based on the 1916 Zoning Law, outlined the future of Manhattan's skyline, envisioning a Mega-Village of towering structures. This vision culminated in his influential book, "The Metropolis of Tomorrow," which portrayed a city evolving through stages of mist and clarity, ultimately becoming a new Athens of geometrical purity.

Ferriss wasn't alone in his contemplative approach. The Regional Plan Association of New York and thinkers like Harvey Corbett also pondered the Skyscraper's role in urban life. Corbett proposed radical ideas like elevated walkways and a city surface entirely dedicated to cars, envisioning a “modernized Venice” where each block was an island connected by arcades and bridges. His proposals, though ostensibly aimed at decongestion, sought to intensify urban density, creating a poetic yet chaotic urban environment.

The Crash of 1929 offered a moment of reflection for architects, a pause that allowed deeper contemplation of the city's future. This period of introspection was reflected in events like the 1931 Beaux-Arts Ball, where architects dressed as their buildings, symbolizing their ambitions and the era's architectural spirit. Among these was the Chrysler Building, represented in a costume of intricate detail, standing as a pinnacle of this architectural ballet.

Architecture in Manhattan, especially its Skyscrapers, became a competitive spectacle akin to a costume ball, where individual originality contributed to collective success. This relentless drive for uniqueness turned the city into a grand stage, with its buildings performing as symbols in an ongoing architectural contest, captivating the public and shaping the skyline.

Is Manhattan's Skyline a Modern Athens or a Chaotic Urban Ballet?

On a single block in Manhattan, the transformation over 150 years—from wilderness to the iconic Empire State Building and the grand Waldorf-Astoria Hotel—captures the essence of the city's relentless progress. 

In 1799, John Thompson bought 20 acres of fertile land for $2,500. By 1827, the land had changed hands and was purchased by William B. Astor for $20,000. The block soon became home to the Astor Mansions, symbols of wealth and ambition that inspired many immigrants.

Upon William B. Astor’s death, the block was divided between his feuding descendants. William Astor built the Waldorf Hotel in 1893, followed by the taller Astoria Hotel three years later, creating the prestigious Waldorf-Astoria. This new hotel became the social epicenter of New York, hosting grand events and redefining urban living.

But by the 1920s, the hotel was deemed outdated. Plans to modernize it gave way to a more radical vision: replacing it with a skyscraper that embodied modernity. Thus, the Empire State Building was born, a structure that epitomized the ambitions of Manhattan. Its construction was a marvel of efficiency, with a schedule that saw 14.5 stories built in ten days.

Simultaneously, the concept of the Waldorf-Astoria was resurrected in a new location. The new hotel, designed as a skyscraper, became a self-contained universe offering luxurious amenities and services. It was a modern commune that provided its residents with everything from elaborate social functions to daily conveniences.

The Waldorf-Astoria's reincarnation was not just physical but cultural, maintaining its legacy through transplanted decor and names. It became a symbol of Manhattan's ability to constantly reinvent itself, preserving its past while embracing the future. The Empire State Building, in contrast, stood as a testament to the era of skyscrapers, a dream realized through meticulous planning and execution.

Through stories of transformation and rebirth, this block in Manhattan tells an epic tale of ambition, innovation, and the ever-evolving nature of urban life.

From Wilderness to Wonders: The Evolution of Manhattan's Iconic Block

The Downtown Athletic Club, a towering icon on Manhattan's southern tip, is a testament to the culture of urban congestion and the American way of life. Built in 1931, its 38 stories epitomize the Skyscraper as a Constructivist Social Condenser, blending athletic pursuits with luxury and social spaces.

On the lower floors, traditional athletic facilities like squash courts and poolrooms cater to the body, while the upper levels offer a surreal progression of experiences. The ninth floor houses a boxing area adjacent to an oyster bar, where members eat oysters with boxing gloves on. The tenth floor is dedicated to preventive medicine, featuring facilities for masculine beauty treatments. The twelfth floor's swimming pool, illuminated at night, seems to float in space, creating a mesmerizing spectacle.

One of the most ambitious features is the seventh floor’s interior golf course, a taxidermized "English" landscape complete with hills, a river, and green grass. This transformation of nature into Super-Nature underscores the Skyscraper's role in sustaining urbanites.

From the 13th floor upwards, the Club shifts focus to dining, lounging, and socializing, culminating in a 17th-floor dance floor where men can finally mingle with women. The top floors are reserved for bedrooms, making the Club a vertical city within a city.

The Downtown Athletic Club is more than a locker room; it's an incubator for self-made men who seek to transcend physical limits and reach new levels of maturity. It symbolizes the ultimate bachelor lifestyle, where the pursuit of personal perfection eclipses traditional family life.

This Skyscraper is a celebration of metropolitan bachelorhood, a machine that propels its members beyond the ordinary, into a realm of luxurious, self-imposed sterility, and definitive instability.

Is the Downtown Athletic Club Manhattan’s Ultimate Playground for Urban Bachelors?

Raymond Hood was a visionary architect who embodied the spirit of Manhattanism, a doctrine that embraced the paradoxes of urban life. Born in 1881 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Hood's journey to architectural greatness began with a setback—rejected from the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris for lack of drawing ability. Undeterred, he later gained admission and vowed to become "the greatest architect in New York."

Hood's early career in New York was marked by struggle and odd jobs, but his big break came in 1922 when his Gothic Skyscraper design won the Chicago Tribune Competition. This victory fueled his passion for skyscrapers, leading him to envision a "City of Towers" where isolated, elegant towers would redefine urban space without disrupting the city grid.

His first New York skyscraper, the American Radiator Building, showcased his innovative approach. By using black brick and gilded accents, Hood transformed the building into a striking emblem of modern architecture. This success was followed by the Daily News Building, where Hood's love for the sphere was realized in a dramatic lobby featuring a revolving globe.

In 1929, Hood designed the McGraw-Hill Building, blending colors to create a striking visual effect that made the building appear to fade into the sky. His eccentric approach extended to a proposed multifunctional church in Columbus, Ohio, which featured a cathedral atop a parking garage, demonstrating his ability to merge practicality with visionary design.

Rockefeller Center, however, became Hood's crowning achievement. Conceived during the Great Depression, the project required balancing maximum congestion with light and space. The Associated Architects, including Hood, navigated financial uncertainties to create a masterpiece that combined Beaux-Arts principles, modernist sensibilities, and commercial pragmatism.

The Center's design process was a collaborative effort, where individual ideas were synthesized into a grand vision. Hood's pragmatic yet creative approach was instrumental in shaping the final design, which featured a central tower flanked by secondary skyscrapers and a sunken plaza that linked the surface with Beaux-Arts intricacies underground.

Rockefeller Center stands as a testament to Hood's ability to reconcile opposites, creating a space that is both functional and sublime. His legacy is a Manhattan where beauty, utility, and ambition coexist, fulfilling the promise of a metropolis that is perpetually evolving yet timeless.

Raymond Hood: The Architect Who Sculpted Manhattan's Skyline

Samuel Rothafel, better known as Roxy, didn't just conceive Radio City Music Hall; he dreamt it. In the hustle of Manhattan, claiming a divine revelation for a theater vision might seem reasonable. Roxy, a showbiz genius from Minnesota, was handpicked by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to create a "Showplace of the Nation" instead of a new Metropolitan Opera.

In the summer of 1931, Roxy and a team of architects toured Europe to witness modern theater architecture. However, Roxy found little inspiration until a mid-ocean sunset ignited his vision: his theater would incarnate that very sunset. The theater's design featured plaster semicircles and a synthetic fabric curtain to create the effect of a sunset when the lights dimmed and a sunrise when they brightened.

Roxy's innovative thinking extended to the theater's atmosphere. He initially considered adding hallucinogenic gases but settled for ozone to invigorate the audience, claiming a visit to Radio City was "as good as a month in the country."

However, the grand opening revealed a mismatch between the old vaudeville acts and the futuristic venue. The traditional performances fell flat on a stage as vast as a city block. In response, the Music Hall transitioned into a movie theater, utilizing only a fraction of its elaborate backstage facilities, including dormitories, a gym, and a menagerie of animals.

Roxy and his team soon devised the iconic Rockettes' synchronized routines, creating a new form of plotless, high-energy entertainment. The Rockettes, with their perfectly coordinated kicks, became a symbol of the theater's grandeur.

Radio City Music Hall, Roxy’s Ark, housed a cosmos of performers and animals, offering a self-contained world of entertainment. Roxy, like a modern Noah, didn't wait for an apocalypse; he built a reality where the fun never sets. This vision of perpetual joy and innovation ensured that Radio City Music Hall would remain a cultural beacon, its architecture provoking and supporting a unique, ever-fresh culture.

Did Samuel 'Roxy' Rothafel's Visionary Sunset Turn Radio City Music Hall into a Timeless Showplace?

In 1935, Salvador Dalí's fascination with America led him to New York, where he aimed to shock the city with his Surrealist antics. Armed with a colossal loaf of bread, he was disappointed when reporters ignored his eccentric display. New York, it seemed, was immune to his brand of shock.

However, the city itself stunned Dalí with its unique blend of anti-modernism and surrealism. He marveled at workers aging skyscrapers with black smoke, an elevator lit by candlelight, and the unexpected roars of Central Park Zoo's lions beneath his window. Dalí realized Manhattan was a surreal canvas where modernity recoiled and history collided. He dubbed it an "Egypt turned inside out," a place where the past and future intertwined in a poetic frenzy.

Meanwhile, Le Corbusier, the acclaimed architect, arrived in New York with dreams of modernizing the city. He criticized the skyscrapers as too small and cluttered, envisioning a city of grand obelisks spaced out for light and air. Yet, his Cartesian vision clashed with Manhattan’s existing chaos, likening the skyscrapers to indigenous tribes awaiting European refinement.

Dalí's attempt to bring Surrealism to the streets culminated in a window display at Bonwit Teller. Featuring a bathtub with cobwebs and a bed with a buffalo head canopy, it was altered by the store to tone down its surreal impact. Enraged, Dalí tried to topple the display, shattering the store window and leading to his arrest—a dramatic public performance merging art with life.

Both Dalí and Le Corbusier's experiences underscored Manhattan's resistance to being reshaped by external visions. Dalí embraced its chaos, while Le Corbusier sought to impose order. Their stories encapsulate the city’s defiance, where dreams of modernity and surreal fantasies coexist, each trying but ultimately failing to redefine its essence.

Dalí vs. Le Corbusier: The Battle for Surrealism and Modernity in 1930s Manhattan

Manhattan’s history is a fascinating blend of ambition, imagination, and practical urban planning. Early depictions of the city, like Jollain's 1672 map, were idealized and fantastical, hinting at the grand urban vision that would later come to fruition. The Dutch settlers initially tried to impose an orderly plan on the island, but the real development was far more chaotic, setting a precedent for Manhattan's unique blend of order and freedom.

The 1811 Manhattan Grid was a radical attempt to impose order, ignoring the natural topography in favor of a commercial, intellectual ambition. This grid facilitated a structured yet flexible urban environment, allowing for both planned growth and spontaneous development.

By the 19th century, Manhattan’s self-perception had evolved into one where architecture and urban planning were almost a form of worship. Central Park was both a preserved piece of nature and a symbol of progress. The 1853 New York World's Fair introduced the concept of skyscrapers, presenting structures that prefigured Manhattan’s vertical growth.

Coney Island played a crucial role as a testing ground for Manhattan’s future, with its innovative blend of entertainment, technology, and imaginative urbanism. The island’s fantastical architecture left a lasting impact, despite later reformist opposition and Robert Moses' modernization efforts.

The evolution of skyscrapers in the early 20th century marked a significant shift, embodying ambition and utopian aspirations. These structures were symbols of progress and limitless potential, each 'block' becoming a self-contained utopia. The Woolworth Building, among others, epitomized this new urbanism.

Architects like Hugh Ferriss and Raymond Hood were pivotal in shaping the city’s skyline. Ferriss envisioned a future Manhattan defined by towering structures, while Hood’s designs, from the American Radiator Building to Rockefeller Center, balanced practicality with visionary aesthetics.

Radio City Music Hall, conceived by Roxy, represented an innovative blend of entertainment and architectural grandeur. Its design and performances aimed to create an immersive, perpetual joy.

Figures like Salvador Dalí and Le Corbusier had contrasting experiences with Manhattan. Dalí embraced its surreal, chaotic nature, while Le Corbusier's modernist vision clashed with the city's established order. Their interactions with the city underscored Manhattan's unique ability to resist external reshaping, maintaining its essence through a blend of historical and futuristic elements.

Home

Trending Books

News & Mags

Relax

Curated

Collections

Key Ideas & Notes

Insights

Highlights & Bookmarks

Listening History

Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan

Rem Koolhaas

Ever wondered how New York's iconic skyscrapers came to be?

Ready to explore the intriguing tales of Salvador Dalí's eccentric escapades and Le Corbusier's architectural dreams in Manhattan?

Curious about the visionary architects who sculpted the city's skyline?

Join us as we explore the captivating history of Manhattan's transformation, where the boundaries of imagination were pushed, and the skyline became a canvas of ambition.

Key Ideas

#1